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CRYPTOGRAPHY

Cryptography is an ancient science, which still plays a fundamental role in the protection of government agencies and companies’ communications and data . For decades, Telsy has contributed to the research and development of encryption machines designed to guarantee maximum security.

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CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Classic McEliece: key encapsulation based on codes

Introduction At the end of the third round of the NIST standardization process, the CRYSTALS-Kyber key encapsulation method aimed at replacing the current ECDH scheme was selected. NIST then defined...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Security for offline conversations: TelsyATMO

Protecting our data and communications from cyber risks is, now more than ever, extremely important to secure the content we exchange.   In fact, many dangers can lurk around the corner,...
CYBERSECURITY, CRYPTOGRAPHY, NEWS
The Made-in-Italy Secure Microchip

With the growing quantity and quality of cyber attacks and cybercrime, the security of devices, data, and communications exchanged by companies, institutions, and private citizens is constantly at risk. When...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The math behind the PQC: Syndrome Decoding Problem

Introduction Cryptographic schemes starring in the NIST standardization process belonging to the code-based cryptography family are constructed from a problem called the Decoding Problem. Given a code and a vector,...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The mathematics behind PQC: the codes

Introduction In addition to lattices, the foundation of lattice-based cryptography, another mathematical structure used to construct post-quantum cryptography schemes is error-correcting codes, more briefly codes. The codes originated in the...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
New post-quantum digital signature proposals: the second NIST competition

Introduction In July 2023, NIST announced four winning algorithms in the post-quantum competition, marking an important step forward in the transition process. The selected algorithms were CRYSTALS-Kyber for key negotiation...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Secure collaboration

In the office, on the road, at home, and in many other places, we often use tools and devices constantly connected to the Internet.   This condition has greatly increased...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Falcon: digital signature based on NTRU

Introduction NIST’s Post-Quantum standardization process has identified two cryptographic schemes based on lattice theory within digital signatures: CRYSTALS-Dilithium and Falcon. Within modern cryptographic communication protocols, these solutions will replace the...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
CRYSTALS-Dilithium: LWE-based digital signature

Introduction NIST’s Post-Quantum standardization process identified two cryptographic schemes to be intended as “primary” solutions. With regard to Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs), key derivation schemes, CRYSTALS-Kyber was selected, while from...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
CRYSTALS-Kyber: LWE-based key encapsulation

Abstract In the context of the NIST standardization process for identifying and analyzing Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) solutions, the first crucial outcome is the selection of the key encapsulation mechanism (KEM)...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The Math Behind PQC: Learning With Errors

Introduction Some of the winning cryptographic schemes in the NIST standardization process belonging to the latex-based cryptography family are constructed from a problem called Learning With Errors (LWE). Given a...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The mathematics behind PQC: lattices

Introduction A large number of post-quantum cryptography schemes are built on a mathematical structure called “lattice“, on which hard-to-solve problems can be defined even for a quantum computer. Cryptosystems belonging...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
One-Way and Trapdoor Functions: The Heart Of Modern Encryption

Introduction A one-way function is, by definition, a mathematical function that is easy to calculate but computationally difficult to invert. In other words, inverting a one-way function is equivalent to...
CYBERSECURITY, CRYPTOGRAPHY
The videoconference vulnerabilities

As for business meetings or for hearing the family from all corners of the world, many people use video conferencing to connect with others and will likely continue to do...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)

Today the quantum attacks threat is a real danger. The protection of data and communications is linked to technologies that give future-proof answers, capable of thwarting threats with still partially...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Secure communications: end-to-end encryption (E2EE)

End-to-end encryption is a message encryption method based on asymmetric encryption algorithms and the decentralization of cryptographic keys. Is an encrypted communication system in which only people who are communicating...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Digital signature algorithms: present and future

Abstract The digital signature is, in many respects, the analogue in the digital world of the handwritten signature that we all use on a daily basis. The main difference between...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Videoconference and security

In a historical moment in which virtual meetings are becoming the main means of communication, both in the workplace and in the school environment, it is necessary and essential to...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): a disruptive technology

The quantum computing development and the prospect of its widespread diffusion are challenging the existing classical cryptography protocols security. At the same time, the advent of quantum computers has given...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Key Negotiation in the Post-Quantum Era

Introduction Cryptography, understood as the set of information protection schemes, is typically divided into symmetric or private key cryptography and asymmetric or public key cryptography. Schemes or protocols that exploit...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Cryptophones: what they are and how they work

The issue of mobile communication security highlights one of the weak links in the security chain of organizations. It is often the behavior of individual employees, not necessarily malicious but...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Leon Battista Alberti’s cipher disk

Leon Battista Alberti’s cipher disk, described in “De cifris” around 1467, is the first polyalphabetic encryption system. The device consists of two concentric discs, rotating relative to each other, containing...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC): a classical solution to the quantum threat

Introduction Public key (or asymmetric) cryptography is one of the bases on which all communication protocols rest which, starting from an insecure channel, must achieve multiple security properties, such as...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The logical qubit and the correction of quantum errors

Introduction: Physical Qubit vs Logical Qubit As discussed in the previous article, the unit of information processed by a quantum computer is generically called Qubit or Quantum Bit. However, for...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Al-Kindi, the father of cryptanalysis

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindi was born in 801 in Kufa or Basra, Iraq, and died in Baghdad in 873. He is known as “the philosopher of the...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Shor’s Quantum Algorithm

Introduction Among the numerous applications of the quantum computing model, the most relevant in the cryptographic field is represented by the work of the American computer scientist Peter W. Shor....
CRYPTOGRAPHY
The Caesar cipher

In cryptography, the Caesar cipher is one of the oldest cryptographic algorithms of which there is a historical trace. It is a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher, in which each letter of...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Grover’s Quantum Algorithm

Introduction With the 1996 article “A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search,” Indian-American computer scientist Lov K. Grover helped highlight the non-negligible impact of quantum computing on cryptography in...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
The cipher of Aeneas

In the sacred texts, in particular in the Old Testament, three main secret writings can be found: the Atbash, the Albam and the Atbah. The first cipher code, Atbash, was...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The Qubit: introduction to quantum algorithms

Introduction Sometimes, in popular settings, the quantum computer is labeled as a particular “incredibly faster” computer. Although this consideration is not entirely far from reality, it is necessary to make...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
History of cryptography: the scitala

The scitala or scital (in ancient Greek: σκυτάλη, skytàlē, “stick”) is traditionally considered an encrypted and secret message that was sent by the ephors, the five supreme magistrates of Sparta,...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
The Quantum Computing

Introduction At the end of the last century, the field of experimental physics was revolutionized by the technological development of classical computers. Among the numerous innovations, the possibility of computer...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM, NEWS
Telsy has recently entered into Quantum Telecommunications Italy

Telsy has recently completed its entry into Quantum Telecommunications Italy (QTI) with a minority stake in the share capital of this startup active in the field of quantum fiber optic...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Homomorphic Encryption: (im)practical innovation?

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is an innovative type of cryptography that allows the performance of computations on encrypted data, obtaining results consistent with those that would be obtained by performing the...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
E2EE: features of an “invincible” system

End-to-End encryption (E2EE) is an application of asymmetric encryption systems. This means that in a communication, only the recipient and the sender, its two ends, can decrypt and read the...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
RSA Cryptography: history and uses

The RSA encryption is a public-key-based cryptosystem, named after Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman who invented it in 1977. Clifford Cock had previously invented an equivalent system for...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
AES-256 encryption: how does it protect our most sensitive data?

You have certainly heard of AES-256. Commonly referred to as “military-graded” cipher, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is essential in government cybersecurity, encryption, and electronic data protection. Its story started...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Cryptography: what is it and its uses

Cryptography, or crypto, refers to the technique of securing information and communications through codes. By doing so, only those people you send information holding the decoding key to can understand...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Alan Turing: the life of the father of computing

Alan Turing is by consensus the father of modern computing. Are you using a laptop, a computer, a smartphone, or even set a network of IoT devices? Then you are...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, EVENTS
CrypTO: Telsy’s contribution in the organization of the CrypTO national web conference of Turin’s Polytechnic

The Polytechnic of Turin has organized with the collaboration of Telsy, the CrypTO national web conference. It will take place on the 27th and 28th of May 2021. The organizers are Danilo...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, NEWS
Agnes Meyer Driscoll: women in cryptanalysis

Agnes Meyer Driscoll was a leading cryptanalyst working for American defense agencies between WW1 and the Cold War’s early years. She started her career in the US Navy by enlisting...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Enigma: a story about cipher mishandling

Enigma was a portable cipher machine producing a polyalphabetic substitution cipher. It had up to 5 rotor scramblers. Many versions included many sets of plugboard connections, which allowed a further swap of a...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Olivetti P101: an Italian success

The Olivetti “Program 101” computer (P101), presented in 1965, is considered by some to be the first “personal computer” in history, as it had all the main features of large...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
How was the Internet born? the World Wide Web Revolution

By the end of the 1980s, ARPANET had expanded its nodes overseas and, through the TCP / IP protocols, had led to the creation of a vast “network of networks”...
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Steganography: from its origins to the present

The term steganography refers to a technique that aims to hide communication between two interlocutors. The term is composed precisely of the Greek words στεγανός (covered) and γραφία (writing). Unlike...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
War and cryptography: the challenge of quantum communication

Message encryption has always been a very important tool within the military, stretching back to the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. It is natural for two...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, QUANTUM
Quantum challenges to cryptography: why the future is already here

More and more often, we hear rather dramatic and movie-like statements about how the quantum era will change many aspects of our life, among which also cryptography and, therefore, security....
CRYPTOGRAPHY
ON THE CONDITION NUMBER OF THE VANDERMONDE MATRIX OF THE nTH CYCLOTOMIC POLYNOMIAL

Edoardo Signorini is an undergraduate student who is currently working on various projects in Telsy, while writing his thesis about the “Post Quantum Cryptography”. Furthermore, he also published his work...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, EVENTS
Seminar – “An introduction to secure multi – party computation”

Telsy seminar of Giuseppe D’Alconzo entitled: “An introduction to secure multi – party computation” The seminar, organized with The Polytechnic University of Turin, will be held on Monday 15 July...
CRYPTOGRAPHY, EVENTS
Seminario Prof. Desmedt, 1 luglio 2019

Seminario del Professor Yvo Desmedt dal titolo Private and reliable communication with untrusted components Il seminario, organizzato da Telsy in collaborazione con il Politecnico di Torino, si terrà lunedì 1...