Crypto Archivi

HQC: key encapsulation based on codes

Introduction In 2022, the third round conclusion of the NIST standardization process on post-quantum cryptography selected a key encapsulation mechanism (CRYSTALS-Kyber/ML-KEM), three digital signature schemes (CRYSTALS-Dilithium/ML-DSA, Falcon/FN-DSA and SPHINCS+/SLH-DSA) and opened a fourth round devoted to evaluating an additional...

SPHINCS+: stateless hash-based digital signature

26 Aug

Introduction The Forest Of Random Subset (FORS) scheme constitutes the last element needed in order to describe the complete structure of the SPHINCS+ digital signature algorithm, selected at the end...

XMSS: hash-based stateful digital signature

01 Jul

Introduction XMSS (eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme) represents a fundamental component of the SPHINCS+’s construction, which is a post-quantum hash-based digital signature selected in the NIST standardization process. As a standalone...

Future-proof cryptography: the security of TelsyMusa

10 Jun

Ensuring proper security standards for our systems and servers has never been more essential. This need, coupled with the growth rate of cyber threats and, more importantly, the increasingly various...

The Mathematics behind PQC: hash functions

06 May

Introduction After analyzing in detail the Post Quantum algorithms that base their security on mathematical problems defined over lattices (Kyber, Dilithium, Falcon) and on error correcting codes (Classic McEliece), we...

Security for offline conversations: TelsyATMO

05 Feb

Protecting our data and communications from cyber risks is, now more than ever, extremely important to secure the content we exchange. In fact, many dangers can lurk around the corner,...

CRYSTALS-Dilithium: LWE-based digital signature

31 May

Introduction NIST’s Post-Quantum standardization process identified two cryptographic schemes to be intended as “primary” solutions. With regard to Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs), key derivation schemes, CRYSTALS-Kyber was selected, while from...

CRYSTALS-Kyber: LWE-based key encapsulation

08 May

Abstract In the context of the NIST standardization process for identifying and analyzing Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) solutions, the first crucial outcome is the selection of the key encapsulation mechanism (KEM)...

The Math Behind PQC: Learning With Errors

27 Mar

Introduction Some of the winning cryptographic schemes in the NIST standardization process belonging to the latex-based cryptography family are constructed from a problem called Learning With Errors (LWE). Given a...

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and security

12 Dec

In the collective imagination, quantum computing has been relegated to science fiction for many years, but thanks to recent developments in technologies and substantial investments by major players, we are...